The Role of Renewable Energy In Climate Change Mitigation

Abstract

Climate change remains one of the most pressing global environmental challenges, primarily driven by the increasing concentration of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the extensive use of fossil fuels. Renewable energy has emerged as a critical pathway for mitigating climate change by reducing carbon emissions, enhancing energy security, and promoting sustainable development. This review article examines the role of renewable energy in climate change mitigation by synthesizing findings from recent peer-reviewed literature, international reports, and policy frameworks. The review explores major renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and bioenergy, with emphasis on their potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions across electricity generation, transportation, and industrial sectors. Evidence from global and regional studies consistently demonstrates that transitioning from fossil fuel-based energy systems to renewable energy significantly lowers greenhouse gas emissions while supporting economic growth and environmental sustainability. The article further highlights the contribution of renewable energy technologies to improved energy efficiency, decentralization of power systems, and increased resilience to climate-related risks. In addition, the review discusses policy instruments and market mechanisms that facilitate renewable energy adoption, such as feed-in tariffs, renewable portfolio standards, carbon pricing, and international climate agreements. Barriers to large-scale deployment, including high initial investment costs, technological limitations, grid integration challenges, and policy inconsistencies, are also critically examined. Particular attention is given to the role of renewable energy in developing countries, where access to clean energy can simultaneously address climate mitigation and socio-economic development goals. The review concludes that renewable energy plays a pivotal role in global climate change mitigation strategies. Strengthening policy support, enhancing technological innovation, and increasing financial investments are essential to accelerating the transition toward low-carbon energy systems and achieving long-term climate targets.